ENGLISH FIRST LANGUAGE PROSE:
- LOUIS PASTEUR, CONQUEROR OF DISEASE
E. H. CARTER
- LOUIS PASTEUR, CONQUEROR OF DISEASE
E. H. CARTER
I. About Louis Pasteur
Louis Pasteur was born on Dec. 27, 1822, in Dole, France. Pasteur’s father was a tanner and the family was not wealthy, but they were determined to provide a good education for their son. At 9 years old, he was admitted to the local secondary school where he was known as an average student with a talent for art. When he was 16, Pasteur traveled to Paris to continue his education, but returned home after becoming very homesick. He entered the Royal College at Besançon where he earned a Bachelor of Arts. He stayed to study mathematics, but failed his final examinations. He moved to Dijon to finish his Bachelor of Science. In 1842, he applied to the Ecole Normale in Paris, but he failed the entrance exam. He reapplied and was admitted in the fall of 1844 where he became graduate assistant to Antoine Balard, a chemist and one of the discoverers of bromine.
IV. Question and Answers
1. "Louis Pasteur was not a soldier, but he was a fighter." What does the statement mean?
Ans: - Though Louis Pasteur did not join the army and become a soldier, he was a fighter because he fought various kinds of diseases through his discoveries about bacteria.
2. What are bacteria?
Ans: - Bacteria are vegetable organisms — little rod shaped plants which exist in the air, water and soil, and in the bodies of animals and plants; some but not all are the causes of diseases; some convert matter into food for plants.
3. As a scientist, how was Louis Pasteur unique?
Ans: - Louis Pasteur not only made some exciting discoveries about germs but he was also able to use his discoveries in very practical ways. He could help many people running various industries in France.
4. How did Pasteur try to solve difficult problems?
Ans: - Pasteur used to sit for hours, quite silent and motionless, thinking hard about the difficult problems.
5. 1. How would Pasteur react whenever he solved a problem?
2.What does this reveal about him as a person?
Ans: - 1. When he thought of a solution, his kind, a tired-looking face would brighten with pleasure and excitement, and he would rush round to tell his discovery to his wife and to others who were helping him.
2. This shows that Pasteur was sincere about solving problems and was also very simple and child- like in sharing his discoveries with others.
6. What discoveries did Pasteur make about yeast?
Ans: - Yeast is used to making the beer foam. Pasteur discovered that yeast was alive, made up of tiny living cells. When these cells were healthy, the yeast acted well, but if they were diseased, the yeast and the beer went wrong.
7. What does 'spontaneous generation' mean?
Ans: - Some scientists believed in 'spontaneous generation', i.e., they believed that germs had no parents but just occurred by themselves.
8. Did Pasteur believe in Spontaneous generation? If not, what did he believe in?
Ans: - Pasteur and some scientists like him believed that germs were carried in the air and might infect other things that came in contact with them.
9. In the statement, "Pasteur proved that he was right" (Para 9), What did he prove?
Ans: - Pasteur proved that germs were carried in the air and might infect other things that came in contact with them.
10. In the second soup experiment (Para 10) which soup was the worst, which was the best and which one was better?
Ans: - In the second soup experiment, the bottles opened in the hotel bedroom were full of soup which had gone completely mouldy due to the presence of many germs; the bottles opened in the field were mouldy, but not quite so bad; those opened on the mountain had no germs in them at all. The last batch was the best, the first one was worst, and the second one better than the first one.
11. What is Pasteurization?
Ans: - Pasteurization is the process of heating the wine or milk of any other liquid to a temperature of 50 to 60 degrees centigrade to make the germs harmless. Pasteurized milk is milk which has been treated in this way and then sealed to prevent more germs from entering.
12. The writer says," It would be impossible to imagine Pasteur experimenting with explosives or poisonous gas" (Para 13). What quality of Pasteur is highlighted here?
Ans: - Pasteur's love for mankind and his compassionate nature are highlighted in the sentence. He had no love for plain achievement, money or fame.
13. On what study did Pasteur spend all his time and energy for three years?
Ans: - For three years, Pasteur spent all his time and energy in tracking down the cause of a disease which had ruined the silkworm industry.
14. How is vaccination different from inoculation?
Ans: - Introducing live organisms into the body to generate immunity is vaccination (for viral diseases like small pox, rubella, chicken-pox, measles, and tuberculosis) whereas introduction of weak or dead organisms into the body to produce immunity is called inoculation (for bacterial diseases like typhoid, diphtheria and cholera).
15. What made Pasteur believe that a cow could not have anthrax twice?
Ans: - When Pasteur was trying to discover a cure for the terrible disease called 'Anthrax', he found out, first of all, that a cow could not have Anthrax twice.
16. What made many scientists angry? (Para 16)
Ans: - Pasteur began to wonder whether it would not be possible to make a cow and even a man just a little ill with Anthrax so that they might not get it again. He thought that this could be done by giving the cows or sheep very weak old germs to make them safe or immune for the future. This idea of giving animals germs made many scientists angry.
17. What is rabies?
Ans: - Rabies is a dangerous disease of dogs and other mammals, caused by a virus that can be transmitted through the saliva to humans, causing madness and convulsions.
18. How was Pasteur a better scientist than Jenner?
Ans: - Although Dr. Jenner had already discovered how to vaccinate against smallpox, he did not really understand about bacteria. Pasteur after giving his life to this study was able to prove the value of inoculation and to find out ways of varying it for different diseases.
19. How was the very low death rate among the troops during the First World War a great tribute to Pasteur's work?
Ans: - During the First World War 1 (1914-1918), the troops going abroad were » inoculated against such diseases as typhoid and enteric fever, and the very low death-rate from this illness among v the troops, even in unhealthy places, was a great tribute to Pasteur's work.
20. At the opening ceremony of Pasteur Institute in Paris, Pasteur talked about two opposing laws.
1. Which are the two laws?
2. Which one did he favor?
Ans: - 1. One law was a law of blood and death, opening out each day new methods of destruction, forcing nations to be always ready for the battle; I the second law was a law of peace, work, and health, whose only aim is to deliver f man from the disasters which surrounded I him. The first one seeks violent conquests, j the other relief of mankind.
2. Pasteur favored the second law I of peace, work, and health because he was sure that science in obeying the law of humanity, will always labor to enlarge the frontiers of life.
21. What was his message to young students on the occasion of his 70th birthday celebration?
Ans: - His message was: "First ask you, 'What have I done for my education?' Then as you advance in life, what have I done for my country?' so that someday that supreme happiness may come to you, the consciousness of having contributed in some measure to the progress and welfare of humanity."
22. What is the supreme happiness he talks about?
Ans: - He says supreme happiness is the result of the consciousness of having contributed in some measure to the progress and welfare of humanity.
Ans: - 1. When he thought of a solution, his kind, a tired-looking face would brighten with pleasure and excitement, and he would rush round to tell his discovery to his wife and to others who were helping him.
2. This shows that Pasteur was sincere about solving problems and was also very simple and child- like in sharing his discoveries with others.
6. What discoveries did Pasteur make about yeast?
Ans: - Yeast is used to making the beer foam. Pasteur discovered that yeast was alive, made up of tiny living cells. When these cells were healthy, the yeast acted well, but if they were diseased, the yeast and the beer went wrong.
7. What does 'spontaneous generation' mean?
Ans: - Some scientists believed in 'spontaneous generation', i.e., they believed that germs had no parents but just occurred by themselves.
8. Did Pasteur believe in Spontaneous generation? If not, what did he believe in?
Ans: - Pasteur and some scientists like him believed that germs were carried in the air and might infect other things that came in contact with them.
9. In the statement, "Pasteur proved that he was right" (Para 9), What did he prove?
Ans: - Pasteur proved that germs were carried in the air and might infect other things that came in contact with them.
10. In the second soup experiment (Para 10) which soup was the worst, which was the best and which one was better?
Ans: - In the second soup experiment, the bottles opened in the hotel bedroom were full of soup which had gone completely mouldy due to the presence of many germs; the bottles opened in the field were mouldy, but not quite so bad; those opened on the mountain had no germs in them at all. The last batch was the best, the first one was worst, and the second one better than the first one.
11. What is Pasteurization?
Ans: - Pasteurization is the process of heating the wine or milk of any other liquid to a temperature of 50 to 60 degrees centigrade to make the germs harmless. Pasteurized milk is milk which has been treated in this way and then sealed to prevent more germs from entering.
12. The writer says," It would be impossible to imagine Pasteur experimenting with explosives or poisonous gas" (Para 13). What quality of Pasteur is highlighted here?
Ans: - Pasteur's love for mankind and his compassionate nature are highlighted in the sentence. He had no love for plain achievement, money or fame.
13. On what study did Pasteur spend all his time and energy for three years?
Ans: - For three years, Pasteur spent all his time and energy in tracking down the cause of a disease which had ruined the silkworm industry.
14. How is vaccination different from inoculation?
Ans: - Introducing live organisms into the body to generate immunity is vaccination (for viral diseases like small pox, rubella, chicken-pox, measles, and tuberculosis) whereas introduction of weak or dead organisms into the body to produce immunity is called inoculation (for bacterial diseases like typhoid, diphtheria and cholera).
15. What made Pasteur believe that a cow could not have anthrax twice?
Ans: - When Pasteur was trying to discover a cure for the terrible disease called 'Anthrax', he found out, first of all, that a cow could not have Anthrax twice.
16. What made many scientists angry? (Para 16)
Ans: - Pasteur began to wonder whether it would not be possible to make a cow and even a man just a little ill with Anthrax so that they might not get it again. He thought that this could be done by giving the cows or sheep very weak old germs to make them safe or immune for the future. This idea of giving animals germs made many scientists angry.
17. What is rabies?
Ans: - Rabies is a dangerous disease of dogs and other mammals, caused by a virus that can be transmitted through the saliva to humans, causing madness and convulsions.
18. How was Pasteur a better scientist than Jenner?
Ans: - Although Dr. Jenner had already discovered how to vaccinate against smallpox, he did not really understand about bacteria. Pasteur after giving his life to this study was able to prove the value of inoculation and to find out ways of varying it for different diseases.
19. How was the very low death rate among the troops during the First World War a great tribute to Pasteur's work?
Ans: - During the First World War 1 (1914-1918), the troops going abroad were » inoculated against such diseases as typhoid and enteric fever, and the very low death-rate from this illness among v the troops, even in unhealthy places, was a great tribute to Pasteur's work.
20. At the opening ceremony of Pasteur Institute in Paris, Pasteur talked about two opposing laws.
1. Which are the two laws?
2. Which one did he favor?
Ans: - 1. One law was a law of blood and death, opening out each day new methods of destruction, forcing nations to be always ready for the battle; I the second law was a law of peace, work, and health, whose only aim is to deliver f man from the disasters which surrounded I him. The first one seeks violent conquests, j the other relief of mankind.
2. Pasteur favored the second law I of peace, work, and health because he was sure that science in obeying the law of humanity, will always labor to enlarge the frontiers of life.
21. What was his message to young students on the occasion of his 70th birthday celebration?
Ans: - His message was: "First ask you, 'What have I done for my education?' Then as you advance in life, what have I done for my country?' so that someday that supreme happiness may come to you, the consciousness of having contributed in some measure to the progress and welfare of humanity."
22. What is the supreme happiness he talks about?
Ans: - He says supreme happiness is the result of the consciousness of having contributed in some measure to the progress and welfare of humanity.
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